Most designs adjust to movements within the stretched object automatically, without external manipulation. More complex stretcher designs function to eliminate concentrated stress at corners by distributing tensioning devices throughout the stretcher structure. Earlier designs are tensioned at the corners only. Corner Braces: Supplementary pieces of wood generally secured to the reverse of a strainer, in the corners, to provide additional support and prevent rotation of the strainer bars.
Other term: corner reinforcements. Corner Bridle Joint: A bridle joint in which two stretcher members are joined at their respective ends to form a corner.
Cross Bar s : Additional horizontal or vertical bar s added to strengthen an auxiliary support stretcher or strainer. Other terms: cross brace, cross-member.
Dovetail: A flaring mortise and a flared tenon making an interlocking joint between the two pieces. The sides slope in both the receiving mortise and the tenon. The slopes are away from the exterior of the mortise, creating a lip that helps secure the tenon in the mortise slot. Only allows for expansion in one direction at each stretcher corner. Expansion: The act of increasing a stretcher's dimensions, thus increasing fabric tension.
Expansion Bolt Stretcher: A stretcher with turnbuckles that function as tensioners inserted at joints. Fastener: Hardware used to attach two components firmly or securely e. Half-lap Joint: A joint created when parts of two members overlap. Overlap is usually one-half the thickness of each bar or member. Hardware: Metalware used to attach two or more components firmly or securely.
Usually tacks, nails, staples, also thumbtacks. See also Continuous Tension Stretcher. Joint: The point at which two or more members of the auxiliary structure meet. Cross-reference joint types: butt joint, half-lap joint, mortise and tenon joint, miter joint.
Keys: Small wedges inserted into slots at the inner corners of a stretcher that are used to expand the stretcher. Other term: wedge. Lacing: Method of stretching canvases prior to the general adoption of tacking.
String yarn, twine, etc. Use of this technique dwindled in the 18th century. Modern usage of this term means creating tension without tacking. Other term: Dutch Method. Lip: A rounded edge that is either attached or carved to form a protruding outside turnover edge of the auxiliary support. It is designed to hold the fabric away from the auxiliary support's members once stretched. Other terms: bead, half round.
Member: A relatively long, evenly shaped piece of some solid substance, such as metal or wood, used as a guard or obstruction or for some mechanical purpose.
In reference to stretchers, this is a rigid material, commonly wood, that acts as the principal component of an auxiliary support. Other term: bar. Other terms: simple miter joint, bevel joint. Mortise: A hole, groove, or slot into or through which another part of any arrangement of parts fits or passes. In reference to stretchers, this is usually a rectangular cut into a piece of wood or other material to receive a tenon.
Mortise types: closed or blind mortise, wedge mortise, double fork mortise, simple or open mortise. Mortise and Tenon Joint: A joint consisting of two principal parts; a tenon is the projecting component at the end of a member, which is inserted into the mortise, the receiving component, a slot in an adjacent member. Other terms: tongue and groove. Non-rotary Expansion: A term used for stretchers adjustable only in one direction at each corner.
The stretcher is constructed with a mortise at each end of one bar and a tenon at each end of the perpendicular bar.
This construction allows for canvas expansion in only one direction fig. Panel Stretcher: A stretcher with a panel inserted within the opening of the stretcher bars behind, but not touching, the canvas.
The panel is usually composed of wood, fiberboard, or cardboard. An American invention dating to the 19th century. Other terms: panel back stretcher, blind stretcher. Rotary Expansion: A term used for stretchers only adjustable in one direction at each corner. The stretcher bars are constructed with the mortise at one end of the bar and a tenon at the other end. Shattuck Key: A metal key that allows for simultaneous adjustment of both members of a stretcher joint.
Patented in , the Shattuck key is only one example of many similar patented metal plates. For each patient, a 3D image of teeth is taken with an iTero Element scanner. ClinCheck software, which is built on data from 6 million individuals, is used to map tooth shifts. A preview shows the predicted outcome of the treatment. Aligners are printed using SmartTrack material engineered for the Invisalign system. Several patents for Invisalign products expired in but it is thought that their lead in process development and scale of delivery can keep them competitive.
An average Invisalign case will entail design and prediction of individual tooth movement from start to finish for production of custom aligners.
For Dentists and Orthodontists who wish to become providers, Align Technology they can take a live in-person Invisalign Fundamentals course or complete a completely online course. SmartForce attachments are small tooth-colored shapes that are placed onto the teeth before and during an Invisalign treatment.
The attachments act as handles and help aligners apply the right amount of force in the right direction. Not all Invisalign users will need SmartForce attachments. Align Technology has clinical data which shows that compared with clear aligners made with off-the-shelf single-layer 0.
Prices are determined by the doctor and depend on the treatment plan. The cost of Invisalign treatment varies even from city to city and from patient to patient. The cost can depend on the reputation and experience of the dentist or clinic and for the patient, the amount of treatment required. Providers may cautious about estimating the price until after a full consultation.
The cost will be affected by the conditions such as prior tooth decay, missing teeth and how severe the teeth are misaligned. Corrective dental work may be needed before Invisalign braces can be fitted. Align Technology was estimated in to have 80 percent of the North America clear aligner orthodontics market.
Align Technology had a monopoly on clear braces and the technology to digitally map and build the multiple aligners which make up the treatment. Invisalign lost exclusivity on 40 patents in October Loss of exclusivity plus more sophisticated 3D printing is allowing for more competition in the clear aligner space.
In clear aligners were the largest and fastest-growing global invisible orthodontics market category. At this time Invisalign captured 80 percent of this category, competing with products from companies such as 3M Co. Align has increased its spending on research and development nearly percent since and the company releases about one new Invisalign product per year. SDC had a business model whereby customers register online and submit putty impression of their teeth from home, with orthodontists reviewing remotely.
In addition, because some meta-human criminals have the power to see through solid objects, Batman lines the cowl with lead to protect his identity. One of the cowl's ears carries a high-gain antenna for an internal comm-link on the left side of the cowl, allowing Batman to stay in contact with his allies.
The comm-link can also scan police radios and other communication frequencies. It also carries an inertial navigation unit to keep him in balance when facing foes such as the Scarecrow or Count Vertigo. The cowl's Kevlar panels provide a level of protection for his head against firearms. The front of the skull and the sides of the temples also have small armor inserts to increase the effectiveness of skull strikes and protect from concussive blows.
Repeated encounters with the Mad Hatter also forced Batman to shield his cowl against the villain's mind control. In Batman: Year One, it is depicted that Batman hid a few pieces of his arsenal in his leather boots, such as a blow gun with fast-acting anesthetic darts and an ultrasonic device built into his left heel. Batman's boots are highly unique.
The basic design of the boots are modeled on Tactical boots, but they are made from lightweight rubbers and are much more flexible to allow for full extension when kicking.
The boots feature a unique "slingshot" ankle reinforcement design that acts as both the armor and as reinforcement for the ankle joint when kicking or landing from high distances. The bottom is a flexible split sole design and is textured for a variety of surfaces.
The boots also have steel toes, making them much more effective when on the offensive. Although Batman is already an accomplished Olympic level swimmer, during the Batman: Hush storyline, it is revealed that he installed underwater propellers on the heels. In Batman Begins , a boot heel is revealed to contain an ultrasonic signaling device capable of calling live bats to it as a form of protection and cover for Batman during a getaway. This device was originally introduced in the Batman: Year One series.
Batman 's utility belt is his most characteristic prop next to the Batarang , much like Wonder Woman 's Lasso of Truth, or Green Lantern's power ring. The exact contents of this belt are not known because Batman usually changes it to suit his needs. His uncanny ability to carry unusually appropriate tools is legendary. Batman's enemies are especially interested in the utility belt as they believe it will give them an advantage over him, but the belt's pockets are locked and only Batman knows how to open them.
Occasionally, the utility belt is depicted as having defense mechanisms such as electric shock or stun gas in order to prevent tampering. The array of devices Batman carries have become more complex over time. The simple coiled rope and Batarang scaling equipment became a rocket-powered or compressed air powered grapple gun.
The suit has also carried on different occasions a re-breather device, flash and gas grenades, explosives and a detonator, lockpicks, a signaling device for the Batmobile , electronic surveillance equipment including video camera and monitor , a forensic kit for gathering crime scene evidence, a medical kit, a cache of money and, in early incarnations, a pistol in a holster. On any occasion where Batman anticipates encountering Kryptonians, he has also carried in a lead case a Kryptonite Ring , given to him by Superman as a weapon of last resort.
In addition to the suit's continuous evolution, Batman keeps variant costumes for dealing with extraordinary situations; for example, he has been shown in a Scuba variant of his costume, a fireproof version for fighting his enemy Firefly , a thermally insulated version for fighting Mr.
Freeze , as well as others. Many versions of the hero show him swapping his cloth costume for a suit of powered armor. The costume consisted of a domino mask and a cape cut in a manner suggesting wings.
According to some stories, Thomas foiled a crime while wearing the suit. Batman kept it in a glass case similar to the suits of his fallen partners. Hurt has since taken it and worn it as his own, as he claims to be Bruce's father. It was assumed lost when Dr. Hurt plunged into the Gotham Bay, but he has since resurfaced wearing it. Designed by Bob Kane in , the original rendition of the suit was little more than gray tights covered with black trunks, short gloves, boots and a scalloped cloak that was affixed to his arms.
He wore a bulletproof vest underneath the suit. While battling the first Zebra-Man , Bruce Wayne was accidentally irradiated by the same energy that had irradiated Jake Baker. Without an inhibitor belt, Bruce's diamagnetism powers were out of control, causing Robin to go on without him. Batman soon took advantage of the diamagnetism, however, and used it to attract Zebra-Man to him and attract both of them to Gotham City Police Department.
Famously drawn by the likes of Neal Adams and Jim Aparo, he eventually created a unique fire-retardant and chemical-resistant triple-weave Kevlar thread for the suit. The material had carbon nanotube fibers that imparted it with a unique sheen and made it heavily resistant to tearing. This material would go into the creation of all following bat-suits and other suits in the Bat Family. The most notable traits of this evolution were the incorporation of the yellow ellipse around the bat emblem as well as the capsule utility belt.
After Bruce Wayne was defeated and crippled by Bane , he nominated Jean-Paul Valley to take up the mantle of Batman while he recovered. This suit debuted in Batman , designed by Joe Quesada and Aparo. A martial art garb designed around the totem of the bat. While retraining his body after having his back restored by a mutant with healing powers and then going through physical therapy Bruce Wayne was given the Mask of Tengu by Lady Shiva as a substitute Bat-Uniform during the final stages of his retraining, before this, he wore a standard ninja outfit with a hood.
Since his creation, Batman had worn trunks outside of his pants, a style shared by many superheroes introduced in the s and s. This was partly because initial superhero costumes of the time were inspired by circus outfits. The blue was replaced by black and coal gray colors.
The bodysuit was now all one piece, with no visible division between boots and gloves, spikes were added to the boots in a style similar to the gloves and the shorts were completely gone. While the boots and gloves would change back to being separate from the body suit after the "Troika" storyline, the absence of the trunks would continue for a few years before returning. After suffering through two plague outbreaks and a horrible earthquake, what remained of Gotham City was eventually cut off from the rest of the United States and forced to fend for itself.
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