The Lower Pulneys consist of peaks from to M height separated from one another by steep wooded valleys. The Lower Pulney hills enjoy a subtropical climate, with a maximum temperature of 20 oC to 30 oC, and a minimum of 15 oC to 20 oC.
The rainfall is around mm. Under the Lower Pulney hills condition, coffee is grown as a base crop under multitier cropping system. In this system cash crops like banana, orange, pepper and chow-chow are mostly grown as inter crops.
Pineapple is grown in some rocky patches as single crop or inter crop with banana, orange, etc. Multitier cropping system. Suggested cropping pattern. Pineapple, French beans, Avocado, Cardamom, Pepper. Cabbage, Cauliflower, Ginger. Coimbatore district. Anamalai hills The Anamalai hill region is situated in the Western ghat, and belongs to Coimbatore District.
This Hill is situated in Pollachi taluk of Coimbatore district and is surrounded by Kerala state in the west and south and Udumalpet taluk in the East.
The total geographical area of this hill zone is acres, and the altitude ranges from to m above MSL. High and evenly distributed rainfall is observed in the Anamalai hills.
This zone is benefited by both the monsoons. Southwest and Northeast monsoon, An average rainfall of m received annually with a range of mm to mm.
The Soil type in Anamalai hills is mostly acidic pH ranges from 4. Cardamom, cinchona are the other crops. Spices crops like nutmeg and fruit crops like oranges, banana and citrus are grown in limited area. Cereals, millets and vegetables are cultivated in some pockets by the tribals of this zone. Namakkal district Kolli hills Kolli hills with a peak of 1, m belongs to Namakkal district.
The mean annual temperature ranges from C to C. The average annual rainfall of the hill is around mm of which a major portion is obtained during the months of September, October and November. The soils are deep to very deep, non- calcareous and developed from weathered gneiss. Major crops, cropping pattern and cropping systems Pine - apple and banana are the major horticultural crops grown.
Tapioca, acid lime, mango, coffee, cardamom, coriander, jack, orange and guava are also cultivated on a large scale. Ginger, turmeric, pepper and mustard are grown in certain pockets only. Chillies is the major vegetable crop grown on a commercial basis. In levelled areas and in some valleys, paddy, is grown. It is the only irrigated crop, grown in this hill tract. Besides paddy, ragi,small millets and pulses are also grown. Irrigation is only through the natural streams and flooding is the irrigating method followed.
Cuddalore and Salem Kalrayan districts The Kalrayan hills measure 16 miles from North to south and 23 miles from East to west. The Southern side lies in the North eastern part of the Salem district, while the Northern part lies in Cuddalore district.
They are respectively called as chinnakalrayan and periyakalrayan hills. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people. The elevation of the hills ranges between m — m above mean sea level. It enjoys a mild tropical climate with a mean annual rainfall of about mm. The Major share of rainfall is obtained during north east monsoon period especially in the months of October and November.
The soil in the hill is reddish brown to dark red, shallow to moderately deep, fine loamy, non - calcareous, excessively drained and subjected the severe erosion and run off. The other crops are chillies, banana, turmeric and coriander which are grown only in some pockets. The major food crop grown are cereals and millets paddy, cholam, samai, thenai and varagu which are cultivated in larger area.
Salem and Trichy districts. Generally the elevation of Pachamalai ranges from metres above MSL to metres. Sub - tropical climate prevails with a maximum temperature ranging between 23 to C, and a minimum temperature range of C to C. A maximum of mm had been recorded so far in the past ten years.
Generally Maximum amount of rainfall is received only during Northeast monsoon i. Southwest monsoon rains are received during the months of June, and August.
The northeast monsoon rains are however more dependable. The soils are classified as hill soils. Vellore district. Yelagiri and Javadhu hills Yelagiri and Javadhu hills are within the district boundaries of Vellore district.
The Javadhu hills have an elevation of meters. The temperature of Yelagiri hills during summer April reaches C and the minimum temperature goes down in winter December - January to C. It is comparative dry climate with low humidity of Robusta coffee and Arabica coffee are the two kinds of coffee grown in the region.
Robusta coffee is mainly grown on small farms while Arabica is mainly grown on plantations. It produces better quality coffee than robusta which grows mainly in warmer areas. Coffee was fi rst planted around Limuru in by white settlers. African workers provided labour on the settler farms. Today, Arabica variety is grown in the highlands while robusta coffee is grown in lower altitude areas where the conditions are suitable. Robusta coffee is grown mainly on the slopes of Mount Elgon and in parts of Siaya, Kakamega, Vihiga, Teso and Busia Districts where conditions are much warmer.
Ethiopia is famous for its production of high quality arabica coffee. The main producing areas are in the South-Western part of the country, especially on the slopes of the Kaffa and Hara Highlands. Here, it is grown both on large scale and on small scales farms. Sisal growing in Kenya and Tanzania Sisal is a plant that grows to about one metre high.
It has thick leaves that produce white fi bres. Today, many people prefer to use nylon or synthetic fi bres like manila because they are cheaper. They are also readily available. Therefore, sisal is no longer an important cash crop like it used to be.
However, sisal can grow in areas that receive mm of rain per year. However, it grows best in areas where the average temperature is 20oC to over 30oC. Therefore, grows well between 0 — 1 metres above sea level. Therefore, the farms should be close to roads and railway lines, for easy transportation. Here most of the crop has now been uprooted and replaced with pineapple plantations. Tanzania is the leading producer of sisal in the world.
Sisal growing in Tanzania has decreased. Today, only few farmers and companies grow it. Most of it has been uprooted and replaced with other crops like maize. The main growing areas are along the Tanga — Dar-es-Salaam road and railway line. It is also grown in the Morogoro and Kilosa areas. However, research is still going on to establish this.
Sugar cane growing in Kenya and Sudan Sugar cane is a tall plant similar to maize in appearance. It does well in hot, wet areas and is an important cash crop in the Eastern African region. Therefore, it does well in lowland areas near the Equator. It can also do well on black cotton soils found in river valleys. However, these soils must be on a gently sloping land to ensure that they are not water-logged.
Therefore, it must be grown in areas with good roads or railways for easy transport to the factory. Sugar cane in Kenya is grown both on small scale and large scale. Most farmers grow sugar cane on small scale. These farmers are called outgrowers.
Sugar companies own large plantations around their factories. These plantations are called nucleus estate. Sugar cane in Sudan is mainly grown in a large scheme called Kenana which is owned and managed by the government.
The scheme which is called Kenana sugar scheme is set in a dry area between the Blue and White Nile. The crop is grown under irrigation and the water is supplied by River Nile and its tributaries. The land is gently sloping. Therefore, the water fl ows gently under gravity into the fi elds without pumping. Sudan has the largest sugar plantations under irrigation in Africa and probably in the world.
The scheme has a total of seven big factories. The main ones are shown in table 4. This table also shows how much sugar each factory is able to produce. Kenana factory is the largest. Cloves are famous because they were important items of trade along the Indian Ocean coast during the Arab trade. The main workers on the clove farms were slaves, but today, workers on the farms migrate from different parts of the Islands of Zanzibar and Pemba as well as from the mainland Tanzania.
Conditions necessary for growing cloves a Average rainfall of between — 1 mm. This rainfall should be evenly spread throughout the year. Therefore, it needs plenty of labour during harvesting.
At this time, the buds are picked before they open into fl owers. These buds appear in clusters called sprays. They are then spread out on mats and turned regularly to dry. Cloves are mainly grown on plantations in Tanzania. The main growing areas are on the Eastern side of Islands of Zanzibar and Pemba. These areas have fertile soils and the land slopes gently to the sea. They also receive heavier rainfall. Cocoa is a tree crop that does well under equatorial climate.
As a result, it does well in the Southern part of Ghana which experiences this climate. The tree which produces cocoa is called cacao. It takes fi ve years to mature before it produces cocoa pods. Although cocoa in Ghana is mainly grown by small scale farmers, there are large cacao plantations as well.
These are mainly owned by large international companies. For best harvest, the rainfall should range between 2 — 3 mm per year. However, the tree can survive in areas that receive as low as 1 mm of rainfall. The rainfall should be well distributed throughout the year.
Therefore, it does well in lowland areas near the equator which are hot throughout the year. Trees grow best on farms in freshly cleared forest areas. This is because the soils are rich in humus.
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