Even more divergent are the subjects of the paintings, which capture the social attitudes of their respective periods.
The Rococo piece depicts a married mistress allowing her hidden lover glimpse under her dress, even as her husband stands unaware in the background.
The subjects of the Neoclassic piece are three brothers accepting their swords from their father, ready to lay down their lives for the good of Rome in a battle that will determine the outcome of a war. The tone of the paintings and the stories they tell could hardly be any further apart, and serve to underscore the role Neoclassicism played as an alternative to the widespread Rococo and the social attitudes that were associated with it.
That being said, its effects are still being felt today. Rococo developed first in the decorative arts and interior design. Louis XV's succession brought a change in the court artists and general artistic fashion. By the end of the old king's reign, rich Baroque designs were giving way to lighter elements with more curves and natural patterns.
These elements are evident in the architectural designs of Nicolas Pineau. Court life moved away from Versailles and this artistic change became well established, first in the royal palace and then throughout French high society. The delicacy and playfulness of Rococo designs is often seen as a reaction to the excesses of Louis XIV's regime. The style had spread beyond architecture and furniture to painting and sculpture, exemplified by the works of Antoine Watteau and Boucher.
Rococo still maintained the Baroque taste for complex forms and intricate patterns. By this point, it had begun to integrate a variety of diverse characteristics, including a taste for Oriental designs and asymmetric compositions. The Rococo style spread with French artists and engraved publications.
It was readily received in the Catholic parts of Germany, Bohemia, and Austria, where it was merged with the lively German Baroque traditions. Particularly in the south, German Rococo was applied with enthusiasm to churches and palaces. Architects often draped their interiors in clouds of fluffy white stucco. Rococo in England was always thought of as the "French taste. Thomas Chippendale transformed English furniture design through his adaptation and refinement of the style.
William Hogarth helped develop a theoretical foundation for Rococo beauty. Though not intentionally referencing the movement, he argued in his Analysis of Beauty that the undulating lines and S-curves prominent in Rococo were the basis for grace and beauty in art or nature unlike the straight line or the circle in Classicism. The development of Rococo in England is considered to had been connected with the revival of interest in Gothic architecture early in the 18th century.
The beginning of the end for Rococo came in the early s as figures like Voltaire and began to voice their criticism of the superficiality and degeneracy of the art. Blondel decried the "ridiculous jumble of shells, dragons, reeds, palm-trees and plants" in contemporary interiors.
By , Rococo had passed out of fashion in France, replaced by the order and seriousness of Neoclassical artists like Jacques Louis David. It remained popular in the provinces and in Italy, until the second phase of neoclassicism, "Empire style," arrived with Napoleonic governments and swept Rococo away. There was a renewed interest in the Rococo style between and The English were among the first to revive the "Louis XIV style" as it was miscalled at first, and paid inflated prices for secondhand Rococo luxury goods that could scarcely be sold in Paris.
But prominent artists like Delacroix and patrons like Empress also rediscovered the value of grace and playfulness in art and design. These two terms define a certain era and a tendency regarding arts.
In a fashion more closely related to ancient Greece, the pediment is adorned with reliefs throughout the triangular space. There is an anti-Rococo strain that can be detected in some European architecture of the earlier 18th century.
This strain is most vividly represented in the Palladian architecture of Georgian Britain and Ireland. Lord Burlington. The trend toward the classical is also recognizable in the classicizing vein of Late Baroque architecture in Paris. These models were increasingly available for close study through the medium of architectural engravings of measured drawings of surviving Roman architecture.
French Neoclassicism continued to be a major force in academic art through the 19th century and beyond—a constant antithesis to Romanticism or Gothic revivals. Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. European and American Art in the 18th and 19th Centuries. Search for:. Learning Objectives Identify attributes of Neoclassicism and some of its key figures.
Key Takeaways Key Points The height of Neoclassicism coincided with the 18th century Enlightenment era, and continued into the early 19th century. With the increasing popularity of the Grand Tour, it became fashionable to collect antiquities as souvenirs, which spread the Neoclassical style through Europe and America. Neoclassicism spanned all of the arts including painting, sculpture, the decorative arts, theatre, literature, music, and architecture.
Generally speaking, Neoclassicism is defined stylistically by its use of straight lines, minimal use of color, simplicity of form and, of course, an adherence to classical values and techniques. Rococo, with its emphasis on asymmetry, bright colors, and ornamentation is typically considered to be the direct opposite of the Neoclassical style.
The custom flourished from about until the advent of large-scale rail transit in the s. Enlightenment : A concept in spirituality, philosophy, and psychology related to achieving clarity of perception, reason, and knowledge. Rococo : A style of baroque architecture and decorative art, from 18th century France, having elaborate ornamentation.
Neoclassical Paintings Neoclassical painting, produced by men and women, drew its inspiration from the classical art and culture of ancient Greece and Rome. Learning Objectives Discuss the overarching themes present in Neoclassical painting.
Neoclassical painting is characterized by the use of straight lines, a smooth paint surface, the depiction of light, a minimal use of color, and the clear, crisp definition of forms. The works of Jacques-Louis David are usually hailed as the epitome of Neoclassical painting.
Key Terms Enlightenment : A philosophical movement in 17th and 18th century Europe. Also known as the Age of Reason, this was an era that emphasized rationalism. Learning Objectives Explain what motifs are common to Neoclassical sculpture. Key Takeaways Key Points Neoclassicism emerged in the second half of the 18th century, following the excavations of the ruins of Pompeii, which sparked renewed interest in the Graeco-Roman world.
Neoclassical sculpture is defined by its symmetry, life-sized to monumental scale, and its serious subject matter. The subjects of Neoclassical sculpture ranged from mythological figures to heroes of the past to major contemporary personages. Neoclassical sculpture could capture its subject as either idealized or in a more veristic manner. Neoclassical Architecture Neoclassical architecture looks to the classical past of the Graeco-Roman era, the Renaissance, and classicized Baroque to convey a new era based on Enlightenment principles.
Learning Objectives Identify what sets Neoclassical architecture apart from other movements. Key Takeaways Key Points Neoclassical architecture was produced by the Neoclassical movement in the mid 18th century.
It manifested in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament, and in its architectural formulas as an outgrowth of the classicizing features of Late Baroque. Neoclassical architecture emphasizes its planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes. Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade are more flat, while sculptural bas- reliefs are flatter and tend to be enframed in friezes, tablets, or panels.
Licenses and Attributions. CC licensed content, Shared previously. Marxism is a social, political, and economic theory originated by Karl Marx, which focuses on the struggle between capitalists and the working class. Marx wrote that the power relationships between capitalists and workers were inherently exploitative and would inevitably create class conflict.
This theory treats the value of labor-power as an independently determined variable to which the profit rate, real wage, and rate of accumulation must adjust. Distribution must accommodate the needs of accumulation. This theory, while in many ways the most interesting, is the least well developed by Marx.
Distribution theory, in economics, the systematic attempt to account for the sharing of the national income among the owners of the factors of production—land, labour, and capital. Traditionally, economists have studied how the costs of these factors and the size of their return—rent, wages, and profits—are fixed.
According to Keynes investment decisions are taken by comparing the marginal efficiency of capital MEC or the yield with the real rate of interest r. However, as more and more capital is used in the production process, the MEC will fall due to diminishing marginal product of capital.
Theory of Investment 1. The Accelerator Theory of Investment: The accelerator theory of investment, in its simplest form, is based upon the nation that a particular amount of capital stock is necessary to produce a given output. Since x is assumed constant, investment is a function of changes in output. Criticisms of Keynesian Economics Borrowing causes higher interest rates and financial crowding out.
Keynesian economics advocated increasing a budget deficit in a recession. However, it is argued this causes crowding out. For a government to borrow more, the interest rate on bonds rises.
Keynesian economics is based on two main ideas: 1 aggregate demand is more likely than aggregate supply to be the primary cause of a short-run economic event like a recession; 2 wages and prices can be sticky, and so, in an economic downturn, unemployment can result.
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