Norman, Okla. Dowd, Gregory. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Kenny, Kevin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, McConnell, Michael. University of Nebraska Press, Olson, Alison. Silver, Peter. New York: W. Parkman, Francis. Boston, Peckham, Howard. Pontiac and the Indian Uprising.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, Ward, Matthew. University of Pittsburgh Press, Burton and M. Agnes Burton, eds. Detroit, Hazard, Samuel, ed. Pennsylvania Archives. First series, vol. Fifth Street, Philadelphia. How long were those Indians on Province Island, how many were Shawnee and Delaware , and could this have been a source for capture of Richard Sparks , or was that alleged kidnapping just so much nonsense?
Hi Michael and others. Given that this series of events can be fairly construed as indicative of many of the pressures and motivations for events at the time leading to the American Revolution, as well as the interpretation extending even to present day , there is more to this story.
I found a good source not listed. The Insurrection of the Paxton Boys. The backwoods colonist were also inflamed by the Philadelphia merchants who were still sending supplies of good including weapons and tomahawks manufactured in Philadelphia to trade with the Native tribes who in turn used them on frontier raids.
It was not totally a race war. They represented an increasingly more prevalent view that America was a promised land for Christians, and it should be cleansed of the wickedness of the savages. He could not believe that fellow Pennsylvanians, in good conscience, could commit an act that so blatantly violated such a legacy. This confrontation in the city was unheard of. The presence of the mob of Paxton Boys in Philadelphia excited some and horrified many. In John R. Business stopped, shops remained closed, couriers charged back and forth through the streets, the citizens gathered to gape and gossip For several weeks from January to February of , all eyes were on them.
After that period of tension, the standoff ended diplomatically and not militarily. Benjamin Franklin was called in to resolve the conflict.
After many hours of deliberation, a non-violent solution to the problems was reached when the Paxton Boys agreed to formally declare their grievances to the court and return home. However, their impact on society remained. As a result, Philadelphia overtook Boston in number of items published annually.
Soon after, impressions taken from the Paxton Boys incident manifested themselves in almost every conceivable medium: songs, plays, essays, mock epitaphs, parodied speeches and prayers, caricatures, and satirical drawings. The Paxton Boys themselves were not writers; if their weapons had been pens and not hatchets, the fate of the Conestogas might have been different. What soon became obvious, however, was that the Paxton Boys had political allies all throughout the colony who had previously been mute.
By bringing the issue of treatment of Indians to the forefront of politics in Pennsylvania, the Paxton Boys catalyzed a conversation between two parties that had remained in silent opposition for decades.
And although Indian diplomacy soon lost the spotlight to literature focusing on the Revolution, variations of the issue carried on throughout the revolution and into the 19th century.
Sadly, there is not much left by which to remember the Conestoga Indians. A plaque commemorating the passing of the Conestogas rests at the site of the old jailhouse, which has long since been torn down and replaced by an opera house.
Money for the plaque was raised by Jesse Nighthawk, a Cherokee from Oklahoma. Shock waves from the actions of the Paxton Boys, however, are still obvious today. The unfortunate outcome of the shift away from Quaker pacifist ideals is that very little of Native American heritage remains today.
Estimated to number from to about 1,, this mob would ignite panic all throughout. They would face a group of pacifists armed with muskets and cannons.
Church bells would sound the alarm of the impending violence. The march was then disbanded after an accommodation for both sides had been reached. The arrangement was to bring both the Paxton leaders and colonial officials on the table.
It was then that grievances were heard on both sides of the line. First, it was seen as a measure of the hostilities that stood in between the Native American Indians and the frontiersmen. Most white settlers came to their own conclusions that both races could never live together in harmony, and that removal and possibly extinction would be the only possible solutions.
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